Makristasi ega haawanzo kuwanikwa, uye kunyangwe akaitika, anowanzova madiki zvikuru—kazhinji pachiyero che millimeter (mm)—uye akaoma kuwana. Madhaimani, emerald, agates, nezvimwewo, hazviwanzo shandiswa pamusika, tisingatauri nezvekushandiswa mumaindasitiri; mazhinji acho anoratidzwa mumamiziyamu ekuratidzwa. Zvisinei, mamwe makristasi ega ane kukosha kukuru mumaindasitiri, akadai se single-crystal silicon muindasitiri ye integrated circuit, sapphire inowanzo shandiswa muma optical lenses, uye silicon carbide, iyo iri kuwedzera simba muma semiconductors echizvarwa chechitatu. Kugona kugadzira makristasi aya ega muindasitiri hakungomiriri simba chete muhunyanzvi hwemaindasitiri nesainzi asiwo chiratidzo chehupfumi. Chinodiwa chikuru chekugadzirwa kwekristaro imwe muindasitiri kukura kukuru, sezvo izvi zviri kiyi yekuderedza mitengo zvinobudirira. Heano mamwe makristasi ega anowanzo wanikwa pamusika:
1. Kristaro Imwe yeSafira
Kiristaro imwe chete yesafire inoreva α-Al₂O₃, ine system yekristaro ine hexagonal, kuomarara kweMohs kwe9, uye hunhu hwemakemikari hwakagadzikana. Hainyungudike muzvinwiwa zvine acidic kana alkaline, inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya, uye ine mwenje wakanaka, thermal conductivity, uye electrical insulation.
Kana maion eAl ari mukristaro akatsiviwa nemaion eTi neFe, kristaro inoita seyebhuruu uye inonzi sapphire. Kana ikatsiviwa nemaion eCr, inoita setsvuku uye inonzi ruby. Zvisinei, sapphire yeindasitiri inongova α-Al₂O₃ chaiyo, haina ruvara uye inoonekera, isina tsvina.
Ma "wafers" emumaindasitiri anowanzo shandiswa se "wafers", ane ukobvu hwe 400–700 μm uye dhayamita ye 4–8 inches. Aya anozivikanwa se "wafers" uye anochekwa kubva mu "crystal ingots". Pazasi pane "ingot" ichangobva kudhonzwa kubva mu "crystal oven", isati yakwenenzverwa kana kuchekwa.
Muna 2018, Jinghui Electronic Company muInner Mongolia yakabudirira kukura kristaro yakakura kwazvo pasi rose yesafire ine huremu hwe450 kg. Kristaro yakakura kupfuura dzose yesafire pasi rose yaive kristaro ye350 kg yakagadzirwa muRussia. Sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo, kristaro iyi ine chimiro chakafanana, yakajeka zvizere, haina mitswe kana miganhu yetsanga, uye haina mabhurumu akawanda.
2. Silikoni imwe chete yekristaro
Parizvino, silicon ine kristalo imwe chete inoshandiswa kumachipisi emagetsi akabatanidzwa ine kuchena kwe99.999999% kusvika 99.99999999% (9–11 nines), uye ingot yesilicon ine 420 kg inofanira kuchengetedza chimiro chakafanana nedhaimani. Muzvisikwa, kunyangwe dhaimani ine karati imwe chete (200 mg) haiwanzoitiki.
Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwe single-crystal silicon ingots kunotungamirwa nemakambani makuru mashanu: Shin-Etsu yekuJapan (28.0%), SUMCO yekuJapan (21.9%), GlobalWafers yekuTaiwan (15.1%), SK Siltron yekuSouth Korea (11.6%), uye Siltronic yekuGermany (11.3%). Kunyangwe kambani hombe yekugadzira mawafer e semiconductor muChina, NSIG, ine 2.3% chete yemugove wemusika. Kunyange zvakadaro, semutsva, kugona kwayo hakufanirwe kurerutswa. Muna 2024, NSIG inoronga kuisa mari muchirongwa chekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwe300 mm silicon wafer yematunhu akabatanidzwa, nemutengo wekudyara unofungidzirwa we ¥13.2 bhiriyoni.
Sezvo chiri chinhu chekugadzira machipisi, mangots esilicon ane kristalo imwe chete ari kuchinja kubva pahukuru hwema inch 6 kusvika pahukuru hwema inch 12. Makambani makuru ekugadzira machipisi epasi rose, akadai seTSMC neGlobalFoundries, ari kugadzira machipisi kubva kuma silicon wafers ane inch 12 ave ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa pamusika, nepo ma wafers ane inch 8 ari kudzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma. SMIC inotungamira muindasitiri yemuno ichiri kushandisa ma wafers ane inch 6. Parizvino, SUMCO yekuJapan chete ndiyo inogona kugadzira ma wafers ane inch 12 akachena zvikuru.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Mawafer eGallium arsenide (GaAs) chinhu chakakosha che semiconductor, uye saizi yawo chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirira.
Parizvino, mawafer eGaAs anowanzogadzirwa muhukuru hwemainchi maviri, masendimita matatu, masendimita mana, masendimita matanhatu, masendimita masere, uye masendimita gumi nemaviri. Pakati peizvi, mawafer e6-inch ndeimwe yemhando dzinonyanya kushandiswa.
Dhayamita yepamusoro yemakristaro rimwe chete anorimwa nenzira yeHorizontal Bridgman (HB) inowanzova 3 inches, nepo nzira yeLiquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) ichigona kugadzira makristaro rimwe chete kusvika 12 inches mudhayamita. Zvisinei, kukura kweLEC kunoda mitengo yakawanda yemidziyo uye kunobereka makristaro asina kufanana uye akawandisa. Nzira dzeVertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) neVertical Bridgman (VB) dzinogona kugadzira makristaro rimwe chete kusvika 8 inches mudhayamita, ane chimiro chakafanana uye akaderera dislocation density.
Tekinoroji yekugadzira mawafers eGaAs ane 4-inch ne6-inch akaporishwa anonyanya kunzwisiswa nemakambani matatu: Sumitomo Electric Industries yekuJapan, Freiberger Compound Materials yekuGermany, uye US AXT. Pakazosvika gore ra2015, mawafers ane 6-inch akanga atove nechikamu chinodarika 90% chemusika.
Muna 2019, musika wepasi rose weGaAs substrate waitungamirwa neFreiberger, Sumitomo, neBeijing Tongmei, nemugove wemusika we28%, 21%, uye 13%, zvichiteerana. Sekureva kwefungidziro yekambani yeYole inopa mazano, kutengeswa kwepasi rose kweGaAs substrate (dzakashandurwa kuita 2-inch equivalents) kwakasvika zvidimbu zvinosvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri muna 2019 uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvichapfuura zvidimbu mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemashanu panosvika 2025. Musika wepasi rose weGaAs substrate waikosheswa pamadhora angangoita mamiriyoni mazana maviri muna 2019 uye unotarisirwa kusvika mamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi mana nemasere panosvika 2025, nekuwedzera kwegore negore (CAGR) kwe9.67% kubva muna 2019 kusvika 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Crystal Imwe Chete
Parizvino, musika unogona kutsigira zvizere kukura kwemakristaro esilicon carbide (SiC) ane dhayamita ye 2-inch uye 3-inch dhayamita. Makambani mazhinji akashuma kukura kwakabudirira kwemakristaro eSiC ane 4-inch 4H-type SiC, zvichiratidza kubudirira kweChina padanho repasi rose muhunyanzvi hwekukura kwemakristaro eSiC. Zvisinei, kuchine mukaha wakakura usati watengeswa.
Kazhinji, maSiC ingots anorimwa nenzira dze liquid-phase madiki, ane ukobvu hwakaita sendimita imwe chete. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chekudhura kwakanyanya kwemaSiC wafers.
XKH inonyanya kugadzira zvinhu zvakaita se "R&D" uye kugadzira zvinhu zvakagadzirwa ne "core semiconductor", zvinosanganisira "sapphire", "silicon carbide" (SiC), "silicon wafers", uye "ceramics", zvichibatanidza zvese zvinodiwa kubva pakukura kwekristaro kusvika pakugadzira nemazvo. Tichishandisa hunyanzvi hweindasitiri hwakabatana, tinopa "high-performance sapphire wafers", "silicon carbide substrates", uye "ultra-high-purity silicon wafers", zvinotsigirwa nemhinduro dzakagadzirirwa dzakadai se "custom cutting", "surface coating", uye "complex geometry manufacturing" kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvakanyanya zvezvakatipoteredza muma "laser systems", "semiconductor manufacturing", uye "renewable energy applications".
Zvichitevedzera mitemo yemhando yepamusoro, zvigadzirwa zvedu zvine kunyatsojeka kwe micron-level, >1500°C thermal stability, uye kuramba ngura zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Pamusoro pezvo, tinopa zvinhu zve quartz, zvinhu zvesimbi/zvisiri zvesimbi, nezvimwe zvinhu zve semiconductor-grade, zvichibvumira shanduko dzisina matambudziko kubva pakugadzira zvinhu kusvika pakugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda kune vatengi mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-29-2025