Makristasi ega haawanzo kuwanikwa mumasikirwo, uye kunyangwe kana aitika, anowanzo madiki-kazhinji pachiyero chemillimeter (mm) uye anonetsa kuwana. Madhaimondi akashumwa, emerald, agates, nezvimwe, kazhinji haapindire mumusika, ndoda maindasitiri ekushandisa; akawanda anoratidzwa mumamiziyamu kuti aonekwe. Nekudaro, mamwe makristasi ega anobata kukosha kweindasitiri, senge-crystal silicon mune yakabatanidzwa yedunhu indasitiri, safiro inowanzoshandiswa mumalensi optical, uye silicon carbide, iyo iri kuwedzera simba mune yechitatu-chizvarwa semiconductors. Kugona kuburitsa makristasi aya muindasitiri kwete chete kumiririra simba muindasitiri nesainzi tekinoroji asiwo chiratidzo chehupfumi. Chinhu chekutanga chinodiwa chekugadzirwa kwekristaro imwe chete muindasitiri yakakura saizi, sezvo ichi chakakosha kudzikisa mutengo zvakanyanya. Pazasi pane mamwe anowanzo sangana makristasi pamusika:
1. Sapphire Single Crystal
Sapphire single crystal inoreva α-Al₂O₃, iyo ine hexagonal crystal system, kuoma kweMohs ye9, uye yakagadzikana makemikari zvinhu. Iyo isinganyungudike muacidic kana alkaline corrosive zvinwiwa, inoshingirira kune tembiricha yakakwira, uye inoratidza kutapurirana kwechiedza chakanakisa, thermal conductivity, uye insulation yemagetsi.
Kana maAl ions ari mukristaro akatsiviwa neTi uye Fe ions, kristaro inoratidzika yebhuruu uye inonzi safire. Kana ikatsiviwa neCr ions, inoita seyakatsvuka uye inonzi ruby. Nekudaro, indasitiri yesafire yakachena α-Al₂O₃, isina ruvara uye yakajeka, isina tsvina.
Industrial sapphire kazhinji inotora chimiro chewafers, 400-700 μm gobvu uye 4-8 inches mudhayamita. Aya anozivikanwa sewafers uye anochekwa kubva kukristaro ingots. Pazasi inoratidzwa ingot ichangobva kudhonzwa kubva muchoto chekristaro chimwe chete, isati yakwenenzverwa kana kuchekwa.
Muna 2018, Jinghui Electronic Company muInner Mongolia yakabudirira kukura pasi rose 450 kg Ultra-hombe-saizi sapphire crystal. Yakapfuura yakakura sapphire crystal pasi rose yaive 350 kg crystal yakagadzirwa muRussia. Sezvinoonekwa mumufananidzo, iyi kristaro ine chimiro chenguva dzose, inonyatsojeka, isina kuputika uye miganhu yezviyo, uye ine mabhubhu mashoma.
2. Single-Crystal Silicon
Parizvino, single-crystal silicon inoshandiswa kusanganisa redunhu machipisi ine kuchena kwe99.9999999% kusvika 99.999999999% (9-11 nines), uye 420 kg silicon ingot inofanirwa kuchengetedza dhaimondi-yakafanana chimiro. Muzvisikwa, kunyange imwe-carat (200 mg) dhaimondi iri shoma.
Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwe-single-crystal silicon ingots kunotongwa nemakambani makuru mashanu: Japan Shin-Etsu (28.0%), Japan SUMCO (21.9%), Taiwan's GlobalWafers (15.1%), South Korea's SK Siltron (11.6%), uye Germany's Siltronic (11.3%). Kunyangwe iyo hombe semiconductor wafer inogadzira mu mainland China, NSIG, inobata chete 2.3% yemugove wemusika. Zvakadaro, semutsva, kugona kwayo hakufanirwe kurerutswa. Muna 2024, NSIG inoronga kuisa mari mupurojekiti yekusimudzira 300 mm silicon wafer kugadzirwa kwemaseketi akabatanidzwa, inofungidzirwa kuti imari inosvika 13.2 bhiriyoni.
Seyakagadzirwa machipisi, yakakwira-kuchena single-crystal silicon ingots iri kubuda kubva pa6-inch kusvika 12-inch madhayamita. Inotungamira pasi rose chip foundries, seTSMC neGlobalFoundries, vari kugadzira machipisi kubva ku12-inch silicon wafers musika mukuru, ukuwo 8-inch wafers ari kubviswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Mutungamiriri wepamba SMIC achiri kunyanya kushandisa 6-inch wafers. Parizvino, yeJapan SUMCO chete ndiyo inogona kuburitsa yakakwirira-kuchena 12-inch wafer substrates.
3. Gallium Arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers chinhu chakakosha semiconductor zvinhu, uye saizi yavo ndiyo yakakosha parameter mugadziriro yekugadzirira.
Parizvino, maWafers eGaAs anowanzo kugadzirwa muhukuru hwe2 inches, 3 inches, 4 inches, 6 inches, 8 inches, uye 12 inches. Pakati peizvi, 6-inch wafers ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa kutaurwa.
Iyo yakakura dhayamita yemakristasi imwe chete inokura neHorizontal Bridgman (HB) nzira inowanzoita masendimita matatu, nepo Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) nzira inogona kuburitsa makristasi mamwe anosvika gumi nemaviri inches mudhayamita. Nekudaro, kukura kweLEC kunoda mitengo yakakwira yemidziyo uye inoburitsa makristasi asina kufanana uye yakanyanya dislocation density. Iyo Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) uye Vertical Bridgman (VB) nzira dzinogona kugadzira makristasi ega anosvika masendimita masere mudhayamita, aine chimiro chakafanana uye kushomeka kwepasi.
Tekinoroji yekugadzira ye4-inch uye 6-inch semi-insulating GaAs akakwenenzverwa wafers anonyanya hunyanzvi nemakambani matatu: Japan's Sumitomo Electric Industries, Germany's Freiberger Compound Materials, uye US's AXT. Pakazosvika 2015, 6-inch substrates yakatoverengera pamusoro pe90% yemugove wemusika.
Muna 2019, musika wepasi rose weGaAs substrate waitongwa neFreiberger, Sumitomo, uye Beijing Tongmei, ine zvikamu zvemusika zve28%, 21%, uye 13%, zvichiteerana. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro nekambani yeYole, kutengesa kwepasi rose kweGaAs substrates (yakashandurwa kuita 2-inch yakaenzana) yakasvika zvidimbu zvinosvika miriyoni makumi maviri muna 20 uye inofungidzirwa kuti ichapfuura mamirioni makumi matatu neshanu panosvika 2025. Musika wepasi rose weGaAs substrate waikosha madhora mazana maviri emamiriyoni muna 2019 uye inotarisirwa kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi maviri neshanu pagore uye inotarisirwa kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mana nemashanu. (CAGR) ye9.67% kubva 2019 kusvika 2025.
4. Silicon Carbide Single Crystal
Parizvino, musika unokwanisa kutsigira zvizere kukura kwe2-inch uye 3-inch dhayamita silicon carbide (SiC) imwe chete makristasi. Makambani mazhinji akashuma kukura kwakabudirira kwe4-inch 4H-mhando SiC imwe makristasi, zvichiratidza kubudirira kweChina kwemazinga epasi rose muSiC crystal yekukura tekinoroji. Zvisinei, pachine mukaha wakakura pamberi pekutengeserana.
Kazhinji, maSiC ingots anokura nenzira dzemvura-chikamu idiki, aine ukobvu pamasentimita. Ichi zvakare chikonzero chemutengo wakakwira weSiC wafers.
XKH inyanzvi muR&D uye yakagadziridzwa kugadzirisa epakati semiconductor zvinhu, zvinosanganisira safira, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon wafers, uye ceramics, inovhara iyo yakazara kukosha cheni kubva pakukura kwekristaro kusvika kune chaiyo machining. Kushandisa hunyanzvi hwemaindasitiri hwakabatanidzwa, tinopa machira esafiri epamusoro-soro, silicon carbide substrates, uye ekupedzisira-yakakwirira-yakachena silicon wafers, inotsigirwa nemhinduro dzakagadzirirwa sekucheka kwetsika, kupfekedzwa kwepamusoro, uye kugadzirwa kwakaomarara kwejometri, kusangana nekunyanyisa kwezvakatipoteredza mumasisitimu e-laser, semiconductor kugadzirwa, uye kushandiswazve kwesimba.
Tichitevedzera zvemhando yepamusoro, zvigadzirwa zvedu zvinoratidzira micron-level precision, >1500°C thermal stability, uye superior corrosion resistance, tichiona kuvimbika mumamiriro ekushanda akaomarara. Pamusoro pezvo, isu tinopa quartz substrates, simbi / isiri-metallic zvinhu, uye zvimwe semiconductor-giredhi zvikamu, zvichigonesa shanduko isina musono kubva kuprototyping kuenda kukugadzirwa kwakawanda kune vatengi mumaindasitiri ese.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-29-2025