Maonero Akazara eMonocrystalline Silicon Kukura Nzira

Maonero Akazara eMonocrystalline Silicon Kukura Nzira

1. Background yeMonocrystalline Silicon Development

Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kukura kuri kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-soro zvakasimbisa nzvimbo yepakati yeindasitiri yedunhu rakasanganiswa (IC) mukusimudzira nyika. Seibwe rekona reiyo IC indasitiri, semiconductor monocrystalline silicon inoita basa rakakosha mukufambisa hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji uye kukura kwehupfumi.

Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuInternational Semiconductor Industry Association, musika wepasi rose semiconductor wafer wakasvika pamutengo wekutengesa wemadhora bhiriyoni gumi nemaviri, nekutakura kuri kukura kusvika 14.2 bhiriyoni masikweya inches. Uyezve, kudiwa kwesilicon wafers kunoramba kuchikwira zvishoma nezvishoma.

Nekudaro, iyo yepasi rose silicon wafer indasitiri yakatarisana zvakanyanya, nevashanu vepamusoro vatengesi vanotonga pamusoro pe85% yemugove wemusika, sezvinoratidzwa pazasi:

• Shin-Etsu Chemical (Japan)

• SUMCO (Japan)

• Global Wafers

• Siltronic (Germany)

• SK Siltron (South Korea)

Iyi oligopoly inoguma mukutsamira kwakanyanya kweChina kune inotengeswa kunze kwenyika monocrystalline silicon wafers, yave imwe yemabhodhoro akakosha anodzikamisa kusimudzira kweindasitiri yedunhu yakabatanidzwa.

Kukunda matambudziko aripo mu semiconductor silicon monocrystal yekugadzira chikamu, kuisa mari mukutsvagisa nekusimudzira uye kusimbisa hunyanzvi hwekugadzira mudzimba isarudzo isingadzivisike.

2. Mhedziso yeMonocrystalline Silicon Material

Monocrystalline silicon ndiyo hwaro hweiyo yakabatanidzwa yedunhu indasitiri. Parizvino, pamusoro pe90% yeIC machipisi uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa uchishandisa monocrystalline silicon sechinhu chekutanga. Kuwanda kuri kuda kwe monocrystalline silicon uye akasiyana maindasitiri ekushandisa anogona kuverengerwa kune akati wandei zvinhu:

1. Kuchengeteka uye Kushamwaridzana Nezvakatipoteredza: Silicon yakawanda muPasi pasi, isina chepfu, uye ine hushamwari.

2. Magetsi Insulation: Silicon inowanzoratidza magetsi ekudzivirira zvinhu, uye pakupisa kupisa, inoumba chidziviriro chesilicon dioxide, iyo inonyatsodzivirira kurasikirwa kwemagetsi.

3. Yakakura Kukura Technology: Iyo yakareba nhoroondo yekuvandudza tekinoroji musilicon kukura maitiro yaita kuti ive yakanyanya kuoma kupfuura zvimwe semiconductor zvinhu.

Izvi zvinhu pamwe chete zvinochengeta monocrystalline silicon pamberi peindastiri, zvichiita kuti isagadzirwe nezvimwe zvinhu.

Panyaya yekristaro chimiro, monocrystalline silicon chinhu chakagadzirwa kubva kusilicon maatomu akarongwa mune periodic lattice, ichigadzira inoenderera chimiro. Ndiyo hwaro hweindasitiri yekugadzira chip.

Iyo inotevera dhizaini inoratidza iyo yakazara maitiro e monocrystalline silicon kugadzirira:

Process Overview:
Monocrystalline silicon inotorwa kubva kusilicon ore kuburikidza nenhevedzano yematanho ekunatsa. Kutanga, polycrystalline silicon inowanikwa, iyo inobva yakura kuita monocrystalline silicon ingot muchoto chekukura kwekristaro. Mushure mezvo, inochekwa, kukwenenzverwa, uye kugadziridzwa kuita silicon wafers yakakodzera kugadzira chip.

Silicon wafers anowanzo kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri:photovoltaic-giredhiuyesemiconductor-giredhi. Mhando mbiri idzi dzinosiyana zvakanyanya muchimiro chadzo, kuchena, uye kunaka kwepamusoro.

• Semiconductor-giredhi wafersvane hutsanana hwakanyanya hunosvika 99.999999999%, uye hunodiwa kuti ive monocrystalline.

• Photovoltaic-giredhi wafershazvina kuchena zvishoma, zvine mwero wekuchena kubva pa99.99% kusvika 99.9999%, uye hauna zvakaomesesa zvinodiwa zvemhando yekristaro.

Uye zvakare, semiconductor-giredhi wafers inoda yakakwirira yepamusoro kutsetseka uye kuchena kupfuura photovoltaic-giredhi wafers. Iwo epamusoro zviyero zve semiconductor wafers anowedzera kuoma kwekugadzirira kwavo uye kukosha kwavo kunotevera mumashandisirwo.

Chati inotevera inotaridza kushanduka kwemaitiro esemiconductor wafer, ayo akawedzera kubva pakutanga 4-inch (100mm) uye 6-inch (150mm) mawafers kusvika azvino 8-inch (200mm) uye 12-inch (300mm) mawafers.

Mune chaiyo silicon monocrystal kugadzirira, saizi yewafer inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwekushandisa uye mutengo zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, machipisi ekurangarira anowanzo shandisa 12-inch wafers, nepo zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinowanzoshandisa 8-inch wafers.

Muchidimbu, shanduko yehukuru hwewafer imhedzisiro yezvese Mutemo waMoore uye zvehupfumi zvinhu. Saizi yakakura yewaferi inogonesa kukura kweinonyanya kushandiswa silicon nzvimbo pasi pemamiriro akafanana ekugadzirisa, kuderedza mutengo wekugadzira uku uchidzikisa tsvina kubva kumapendero ewafer.

Sechinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza tekinoroji yemazuva ano, semiconductor silicon wafers, kuburikidza nemaitiro chaiwo senge photolithography uye ion implantation, inogonesa kugadzirwa kweakasiyana midziyo yemagetsi, zvinosanganisira yakakwirira-simba rectifiers, transistors, bipolar junction transistors, uye switching michina. Midziyo iyi inoita basa rakakosha muminda yakadai sehungwaru hwekugadzira, kutaurirana kwe5G, zvemagetsi zvemotokari, Indaneti yeZvinhu, uye aerospace, zvichiumba ibwe rekona rekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji.

3. Monocrystalline Silicon Kukura Technology

TheCzochralski (CZ) Nzirainzira inoshanda yekudhonza yakakwirira-mhando monocrystalline zvinhu kubva mukunyungudika. Yakakurudzirwa naJan Czochralski muna 1917, nzira iyi inozivikanwawo seCrystal Pullingnzira.

Parizvino, nzira yeCZ inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirira kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvesemiconductor. Maererano nehuwandu husina kukwana, inenge 98% yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa kubva kune monocrystalline silicon, ine 85% yezvikamu izvi zvinogadzirwa uchishandisa nzira yeCZ.

Iyo CZ nzira inofarirwa nekuda kwemhando yayo yakanaka yekristaro, saizi inodzoreka, kukurumidza kukura kwekukura, uye nepamusoro pekugadzira. Aya maitiro anoita CZ monocrystalline silicon iyo inosarudzika zvinhu zvekusangana nemhando yepamusoro, yakakura-chiyero kudiwa muindasitiri yemagetsi.

Iyo yekukura musimboti weCZ monocrystalline silicon ndeiyi inotevera:

Maitiro eCZ anoda kupisa kwakanyanya, vacuum, uye nharaunda yakavharwa. Iyo yakakosha midziyo yeiyi nzira ndeyecrystal kukura choto, iyo inofambisa mamiriro aya.

Mufananidzo unotevera unoratidza chimiro chevira rekukura kwekristaro.

Mukuita kweCZ, silicon yakachena inoiswa mucrucible, yakanyungudutswa, uye kristaro yembeu inounzwa musilicon yakanyungudutswa. Nekunyatso kudzora maparamendi akadai setembiricha, chiyero chekudhonza, uye crucible kutenderera kumhanya, maatomu kana mamorekuru pakusangana kwekristaro yembeu nesilicon yakanyungudutswa inoramba ichironga patsva, ichiomesa sezvo sisitimu inotonhora uye pakupedzisira ichigadzira kristaro imwechete.

Iyi kristaro yekukura tekinoroji inoburitsa yakakwirira-mhando, hombe-diameter monocrystalline silicon ine chaiyo kristaro kutaridzika.

Iyo yekukura maitiro inosanganisira akati wandei matanho akakosha, anosanganisira:

1. Disassembly and Loading: Kubvisa kristaro uye kunyatsochenesa choto uye zvikamu kubva kune zvakasvibiswa zvakadai se quartz, graphite, kana zvimwe zvisina kuchena.

2. Vacuum uye Kunyunguduka: Iyo sisitimu inoendeswa kune vacuum, inoteverwa nekuunzwa kweargon gasi uye kupisa kwesilicon charge.

3. Crystal Pulling: Mbeu yekristaro inodzikiswa musilicon yakanyungudutswa, uye tembiricha yekutarisa inodzorwa nekuchenjera kuti ive nechokwadi chekristaro chakakodzera.

4. Shouldering uye Diameter Control: Sezvo kristaro inokura, dhayamita yaro inonyatsotariswa uye inogadziriswa kuti ive nechokwadi chekukura kwakafanana.

5. Kupera kweKukura uye Kuvhara Kwevira: Kana saizi yekristaro inodiwa yawanikwa, choto chinovharwa, uye kristaro inobviswa.

Iwo akadzama nhanho mukuita uku anovimbisa kusikwa kwemhando yepamusoro, isina kukanganisa-isina monocrystals yakakodzera semiconductor kugadzira.

4. Matambudziko muMonocrystalline Silicon Production

Rimwe rematambudziko makuru mukugadzira mahombe-diameter semiconductor monocrystals ari mukukunda mabhodhoro ehunyanzvi panguva yekukura, kunyanya mukufanotaura nekudzora hurema hwekristaro:

1. Isingawirirani Monocrystal Hunhu uye Yakaderera Goho: Sezvo saizi yesilicon monocrystals inowedzera, kuoma kwenzvimbo yekukura kunowedzera, zvichiita kuti zviome kudzora zvinhu zvakaita semafuta, kuyerera, uye magineti. Izvi zvinokanganisa basa rekuwana mhando inowirirana uye goho repamusoro.

2. Kusagadzikana Kudzora Maitiro: Nzira yekukura ye semiconductor silicon monocrystals yakaoma zvikuru, ine minda yakawanda yemuviri inopindirana, ichiita kuti kutonga kurongeka kusagadzikane uye kunotungamirira kune goho rakaderera. Mano ekudzora maitiro anonyanya kutarisisa pane macroscopic zviyero zvekristaro, nepo mhando ichiri kugadziridzwa zvichienderana neruzivo rwemanyorero, zvichiita kuti zviome kuzadzisa zvinodikanwa zvekugadzira diki uye nano muIC chips.

Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya, kugadzirwa kwechokwadi-nguva, kutarisa kwepaIndaneti uye nzira dzekufanotaura kwekrisiti yehutano inodikanwa nokukurumidza, pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekutonga kuti ave nechokwadi chekugadzikana, kugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro kwemahombe monocrystals kuti ashandiswe mumasekete akabatanidzwa.